英语语言学、英美文学笔记等资料

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一． 结合大纲，总体把握。

正如我们所知，本教程由英国部分和美国部分组成共八章。英国文学部分由古代文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期文学、新古典时期文学、浪漫主义时期文学、维多利亚时期文学和现代文学组成。美国文学部分由浪漫主义时期文学、现实主义文学和现代文学组成。每章的学习应结合大纲的考核要求，对本章内容作总体归纳，有一个总体印象，临考前头脑中应有一个整体轮廓。如每章有：本时期时间界定，文学形式，主要代表作家作品（每章分别由哪些作家组成，其代表作和作品中的主人公）及其文学特色等。

二． 针对考点 重点搜索。

鉴于本教程的知识结构，并结合历年考试题型，本书重要知识点包含：各时期的时间界定、代表作家与作品、作品主题、寓意等。现将各章重要知识点搜索如下,供大家参考。 但从近几年考试题型看选读部分占很大的比例（选读中的重点语句请同学们结合精讲部分），至于考试题型及其命题趋势，我们在最后结合04年考题一块分析。

英 国 文 学 部 分

Ⅰ、古代文学：
1． 时间界定：Old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066.
2． 古代文学中诗歌分类：宗教诗和世俗诗：
The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the religious group and the secular one.
3． 主要代表作品：《贝尔武夫》
A.性质：Beowulf, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.
B.主题：The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage under a wise heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.
Ⅱ、中世纪文学：
1、 时间界定：From 1066 up to the mid-14th century.
2、 文学分类：民间通俗文学 骑士浪漫诗
A. Popular folk literature also occupies an important place in this period.
B. Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.
3、 代表作家与作品：Chaucer and the Canterbury tales
A．The father of English poetry.（Chaucer）
B．The English Homer. （Chaucer）
C．In Canterbury tales, Chaucer presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life .
D．In Troilus and Criseyde, he gave the world what is virtually the first modern novel.
Ⅲ、 文艺复兴时期：
1． 时间界定：
It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.
2． 文艺复兴的理论基础：人文主义兴起。
A． 核心：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors.
B． 基础：It was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.
3． 文艺复兴的文化背景：
A． 场所：English schools and universities were established in place of the old monasteries.
B． 印刷术的引进：William Caxton introduced printing into England .
C． 翻译的时代的出现。With the introduction of printing, an age of translation came into being.
4． 文学形式：
A.诗歌：A). 早期特点：The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.
B). 代表作家及作品:
a. Spenser’s The Shepheardes Calender showed the pastoral convention
b. In “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,” Marlowe spoke that it would be very difficult for us to connect it with the voice in his tragedies.
c. Poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and carried on by Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.
B.戏剧: A). 特点: The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance
B). 作家: The most famous dramatists are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Johnson.
5. 本章主要作家及作品:
斯宾塞及其代表作Edmund Spenser and The Faerie Queene.

A.创作意图: The principal intention is to present through a “historical poem” the example of a perfect gentleman
B.整体线索:The recurring appearances of Arthur serve as a unifying element for the poem as a whole.
C.寓意:The Redcrosse Knight in Book I stands for St. George, he also represents Holiness,
D.主题:The theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“Fierce wares and faithfull loves.”
E.作者文学地位:His exquisite melody that make him known as “the poets’ poet.”
马洛及其代表作Christopher Marlowe
A.作者创作分类:
a. The plays: (6 plays)Among them the most important are :
Tamburlaine, Parts I&II , Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.
b. The non-dramatic poetry:
Hero and Leander, “the Passionate Shepherd to His Love”
c. The verse translation:
Ovid’s Amores.
B.代表作品:
a. Tamburlaine: Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.
b. Dr. Faustus: It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness.
C.文学艺术成就:
a.文体与风格Marlowe perfected the blank verse and brought vitality and grandeur into the blank verse with his “mighty lines.” Hyperbole is his major figure of speech
b.人物塑造 Marlowe’s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition,
莎士比亚William Shakespeare
A. 创作生涯及作品
a. Apprenticeship period. b. Highly individualized period. c. Greatest tragedies and dark comedies period. d. Romantic tragicomedies period.

B. 作品主题
a. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.
b. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play .
c. The tragedies: The play, though a tragedy, is permeated with optimistic spirit.
C. 四大悲剧
A). The common features:
Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.
B). The realistic spirits .
Along with the portrayal of the weakness or bias of the hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense.
D. 艺术成就
A). The characters:
a. Shakespeare’s major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones.
b. By applying a psycho-analytical approach, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters’ inner mind.
c. Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters.
B). Construction:
a. Shakespeare’s plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.
b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play.
C). Language and style:
a. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is also an important device to create dramatic irony, usually with woman disguised as man.
b. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.
培根Francis Bacon
A. 《科学的进步与发展》
The Advancement of Learning : It is a great tract on education.
B. 《新工具》
Novum Organum is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology.
C. 《散文集》Montaigne is the predecessor of Bacon. The term “essay” was borrowed from Montaigne’s Essais.
邓恩John Donne
A. 作品特点
a. The inherently theatrical impression:
John Donne is the leading figure of the “metaphysical school.” His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression.
b. The poetic mode:
The mode is dynamic rather than static, with ingenuity of speech, vividness of imagery and vitality of rhythms.
c. The Stylistic features:
The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is precisely its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.
B. 《歌与十四行诗》及作者的爱情观
The songs and sonnets:
a. The theme:
The Songs and Sonnets, contains most of his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme.
b. The understanding of love:
Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea. What is more, idealism and cynicism about love coexist in Donne’s love poetry. He sometimes expresses the futility and instability of love in his poems.
c. The stylistic method:
When eulogizing a woman, Donne tells us very little about her physical beauty. Instead, Donne’s interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.
弥尔顿John Milton
A. 创作
Milton’s literary achievements can be divided into three groups:
a. The early works:
Milton appears as the inheritor of all that was best in Elizabethan literature. Lycidas is a typical example.
b. The middle works:
His powerful pamphlets written during this period make him the greatest prose writer of his age.
Areopagitica is probably his most memorable prose work.
c. The last great poems:
Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise regained, and Samson Agonistes.
B. 代表作:
Paradise Lost:
A). The theme and structure:
Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the “Fall of Man”.
B). The humanistic spirits
a. Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to man.”
b. At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton’s fundamental concern with freedom and choice.
c. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed.
Ⅳ、 新古典主义时期: The neoclassical period
1. 时间界定
The neoclassical period is between the return of the Stuarts in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798.
2. 启蒙运动
A. 概述
a. 特点
The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement.
b.起源
It flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time.
c.性质
The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
d.目的
Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.
B. 人文观与文学特点
a. The enlighteners advocated universal education. They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education.
b. Literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.
3. 文学形式
A. 伤感主义文学
In the last few decades of the 18th century, however, the neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect, wit and form was rebelled against or challenged by the sentimentalists, and was gradually by Romanticism.
B. 新古典主义诗歌
The neoclassical period witnessed the flourish of English poetry in the classical style climaxing with John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.
C. 现实主义小说
The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.
D. 哥特式小说及其它
Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.
4. 主要作家与作品
班扬: John Bunyan
A. 作品风格
a. Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English Bible.
b. He used concrete and living language and vivid details.
c. He made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel.
B. 代表作
a. The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language
b. Its predominant metaphor— life as a journey— is simple and familiar.
蒲柏: Alexander Pope
A. 现实批评观
a. He upheld the existing social system as an ideal one, but he was not entirely blind to the rapid moral, political and cultural deterioration.
b. He published The Rape of the Lock and use the mock epic form to retell the cutting of the lock, to ridicule the trivial incident and to satirize the foolish, meaningless life of the lords and ladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society of the eighteenth century England.
B.文学观He strongly advocated neoclassicism.
C代表作品An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, The Dunciad, An Essay on Man.
The translations of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.
The edition of Shakespeare’s plays.
笛福: Daniel Defoe
A. 主要作品
a. The first novel: Robinson Crusoe.
b. four other novels: Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana.
c. The pseudo-factual account of Great Plague: A Journal the Plague Year.
B. 代表作
a. Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.
b. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man.
c. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude.
斯威夫特: Jonathan Swift
A. 创作:
a. The works to establish his name:
A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books established his name as a satirist.
b. . The Drapier’s letters
He published, under the pseudonym of Drapier, a series of letters. Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.
c. . The greatest satiric work:
He wrote and published his greatest satiric work, Gulliver’s Travels.
B. 代表作
a. Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan’s best fictional work. The book contains four parts: His experience in Lilliput, Alone in Brobdingnag, Visit to the Flying Island and Account of his discoveries in the Houyhnhnm land. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole.
b. Gulliver gives an account of some aspects of Lilliputian life and obviously alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks of the English government.
费尔丁Henry Fielding
A. 戏剧创作
The best known are The coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year1736.
B. 小说创作
a. The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, the book quickly turns into a great novel of the open road, a “comic epic in prose”.
b. The History of Jonathan Wild the Great, points out the Great Man is no better than a great gangster.
c. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling and The History of Amelia. The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman.
C. 对文学的贡献
About novel:
A). The purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct. The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, to teach men to know themselves.
B). Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel,”
a. He was the first to set out, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”.
b. The first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
c. Fielding adopted “the third-person narration”.
d. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.
About language:
A). Fielding’s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.
B). His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending.
约翰逊Samuel Johnson
A. 代表作品
As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman –A Dictionary of the English Language.
B. 新古典主义文学观
a. The literary theme:
He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.
b. The principle of literary creation:
In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative. He insisted that a writer must please to universal truth and experience, i.e. Nature.
谢立丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan
A. 创作
a) The masterpiece: The School for Scandal,
b) others: the Rivals, St. Patrick’s Day, or the Scheming Lieutenant, The Duenna, The Critic and Pizarro.
B. 戏剧主题与艺术成就
a. The status:
Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays link between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.
b. The theme:
In his plays, morality is the constant theme.
格雷Thomas Gray
A. 主要作品
a. His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”
b. The poem established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat” and “Hymn to Adversity”
B. 诗歌风格
a. Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.
b. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form.
c. His style is sophisticated and allusive.
d. His poems are often marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.
Ⅴ、 浪漫主义时期: The Romantic Period
1. 时间界定
English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.
2. 文化思想背景:
A. The ideas of Rousseau: Rousseau published two books that electrified Europe – Du Contrat Social and Emile, in which he explored new ideas about Nature, Society and Education. After that,
Patriotic clubs societies multiplied in England, all claiming Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
B. The literary sources: The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.
C. The differences between neoclassicism and Romanticism:
a. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.
b. Where the Augustans emphasized those features that men have in common the Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.
D. The literary views:
a. Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.
b. In the theory. It tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art.
3. 文学形式:
A. 诗歌
A). 诗人运动
The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.
B). 诗歌理论
They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy, the believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.
a. Wordsworth’s theory of poetry is calling for simple themes drawn from humble life. He defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”.
b. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vial faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.
c. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.
d. To escape from a world. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey chose to live by the lakeside so as to escape from the “madding crowd,” while Byron and Shelley rejected the entire English society by their self-imposed exile.
e. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.
B. 散文
The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. Coleridge, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures.
A). William Hazlitt is a great critic on Shakespeare, Elizabethan drama, and English poetry. His last book is a four-volume Life of Napoleon.
B). Charles Lamb is a lovable essayist. Lamb’s Essays of Elia is a good work that leads to a delightful interpretation of the life of London.
C). De Quincey is one of the keenest intellects of the age. The great literary merit of his Confessions of an English Opium Eater lies in his subtle revelation of the potentiality of human dreams.
C. 小说
A). Austen is of the 18th-century in her moral outlook. Her view of life is a totally realistic one. The major theme of her novels is love and marriage.
B). After establishing himself as a writer of romantic historical narrative poetry, Scott switched to novel writing. Waverley, Old Martality, The Heart of Midlothian, Rob Roy, and Ivanhoe are among the most popular ones of his novels. He is the first major historical novelist.
C). Gothic novel:
a. Nature:
Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement.
b. Subject matters:
Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.
c. Works:
Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.
D. 戏剧
Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound and The Cenci, Byron’s Manfred and Coleridge’s Remorse are generally regarded as the best verse plays during this period.
4. 主要作家及作品
布莱克William Blake
A. 创作
A). The earlier period:
a. The first printed work:
Poetical Sketches is his first printed work, which is a collection of youthful verse.
b. The songs of Innocence:

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