标题: 08年考研英语模拟试题及答案 [打印本页] 作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:04 标题: 08年考研英语模拟试题及答案 Section I Use of English
Part A
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The basic function of money is the enable buying to be separated from selling, thus permitting trade to take place without the so?called double coincidence of barter. If a person has something to sell and wants something else 1 return, it is not necessary to search for someone able and 2to make the desired exchange of items. The person can sell the 3 item for general purchasing power—that is, “money”—to anyone who wants to buy it and then use the proceeds to buy the desired item from anyone who wants to sell it.
The importance of this function of money is 4 illustrated by the experience of Germany just after World War Ⅱ, 5 paper money was 6 largely useless because, despite inflationary conditions, price controls were effectively 7 by the American, French, and British armies of occupation. People had to8 to barter or to inefficient money substitutes. The result was to cut total output of the economy in half. The German “economic miracle” just after 1948 reflected partly a currency reform by the occupation authorities, 9 some economists hold that it stemmed primarily from the German government’s 10 of all price controls, 11 permitting a money economy to 12 a barter economy.
13 of the act of sale from the act of purchase 14 the existence of something that will be generally accepted in payment—this is the “15 of exchange” function of money. But there must also be something that can serve as a 16 abode of purchasing power, in which the seller holds the proceeds in the interim 17 the first sale and the 18 purchase, or from which the buyer can 19the general purchasing power with which to pay 20 what is bought. This is the “asset” function of money.
1. ［A］ on ［B］ in ［C］ by ［D］ for
2. ［A］ capable ［B］ likely ［C］ desirable ［D］ willing
3. ［A］ excess ［B］ extra ［C］ surplus ［D］ ample
4. ［A］ dramatically ［B］ urgently ［C］ faithfully ［D］ incidentally
5. ［A］ when ［B］ before ［C］ since ［D］ until
6. ［A］ developed ［B］ reserved ［C］ rendered ［D］ imagined
7. ［A］ encouraged ［B］ enlarged ［C］ endured ［D］ enforced
8. ［A］ conform ［B］ resort ［C］ commit ［D］ gear
9. ［A］ and ［B］ but ［C］ therefore ［D］ however
10. ［A］ deprivation ［B］ stimulation ［C］ elimination ［D］ restriction
11. ［A］ thereby ［B］ therefore ［C］ then ［D］ while
12. ［A］ alternate ［B］ establish ［C］ substitute ［D］ replace
13. ［A］ Introduction ［B］ Specification ［C］ Representation ［D］ Separation
14. ［A］ assumes ［B］ requires ［C］ focuses ［D］ undertakes
15. ［A］ medium ［B］ function ［C］ role ［D］ nature
16. ［A］ fashionable ［B］ favorable ［C］ temporary ［D］ token
17. ［A］ both ［B］ for ［C］ between ［D］ after
18. ［A］ consequent ［B］ relevant ［C］ inadequate ［D］ subsequent
19. ［A］ execute ［B］ extract ［C］ exceed ［D］ exchange
20. ［A］ for ［B］ off ［C］ back ［D］ in 作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:06
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Two related paradoxes also emerge from the same basic conception of the aesthetic experience. The first was given extended consideration by Hegel, who argued roughly as follows: our sensuous attention and that gives to the work of art its peculiar individuality. Because it addresses itself to our sensory appreciation, the work of art is essentially concrete, to be understood by an act of perception rather than by a process of discursive thought.
At the same time, our understanding of the work of art is in part intellectual; we seek in it a conceptual content, which it presents to us in the form of an idea. One purpose of critical interpretation is to expound this idea in discursive form—to give the equivalent of the content of the work of art in another, nonsensuous idiom. But criticism can never succeed in this task, for, by separating the content from the particular form, it abolishes its individuality. The content presented then ceases to be the exact content of that work of art. In losing its individuality, the content loses its aesthetic reality; it thus ceases to be a reason for attending to the particular work and that first attracted our critical attention. It cannot be this that we saw in the original work and that explained its power over us.
For this content, displayed in the discursive idiom of the critical intellect, is no more than a husk, a discarded relic of a meaning that eluded us in the act of seizing it. If the content is to be the true object of aesthetic interest, it must remain wedded to its individuality: it cannot be detached from its “sensuous embodiment” without being detached from itself. Content is, therefore, inseparable from form and form in turn inseparable from content. (It is the form that it is only by virtue of the content that it embodies.)
Hegel’s argument is the archetype of many, all aimed at showing that it is both necessary to distinguish form from content and also impossible to do so. This paradox may be resolved by rejecting either of its premises, but, as with Kant’s antinomy, neither premise seems dispensable. To suppose that content and form are inseparable is, in effect, to dismiss both ideas as illusory, since no two works of art can then share either a content or a form-the form being definitive of each work’s individuality.
In this case, no one could ever justify his interest in a work of art by reference to its meaning. The intensity of aesthetic interest becomes a puzzling, and ultimately inexplicable, feature of our mental life. If, on the other hand, we insist that content and form are separable, we shall never be able to find, through a study of content, the reason for attending to the particular work of art that intrigues us. Every work of art stands proxy for its paraphrase. An impassable gap then opens between aesthetic experience and its ground, and the claim that aesthetic experience is intrinsically valuable is thrown in doubt.
21. Hegel argued that .
［A］ it is our sensuous appreciation that gives peculiar individuality to the work of art
［B］ it is the content of the work of art that holds our attention
［C］ the work of art cannot be understood without a process of logical thinking
［D］ the form of the work of art is what our sensuous appreciation concentrates on
22. It can be inferred from this passage that .
［A］ the paradox that it is both necessary to distinguish form content and also impossible to do so cannot be resolved by rejecting its premises
［B］ both content and form of the work of art are illusory
［C］ the content and form of the work of art are separable
［D］ aesthetic experience is not intrinsically valuable
23. Which of the following is NOT what Hegel believed?
［A］ The content and form of the work of art cannot be separated from each other.
［B］ The content of the work of art is always the true object of aesthetic interest.
［C］ The content presented without any individuality is not the content of the work of art.
［D］ The content understood by means of a process of discursive thought is no more than a husk.
24. Premises that are related to each other seems to be dispensable because .
［A］ Kant thinks they are indispensable
［B］ either of them can resolve the paradox
［C］ the premises are separated
［D］ the premises can account for the theory
25. This passage is mainly about .
［A］ the sensuous appreciation of art
［B］ the basic conception of the aesthetic experience
［C］ how to appreciate the work of art
［D］ the relationship between form and content of the work of art作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:06
Text 2
Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in which dealers in bills, notes, and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell. The“money market” is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and short term credit. The need for such facilities arises in much the same way that a similar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products of a diversified economy to their final users at the retail level. If the retailer is to provide reasonably adequate service to his customers, he must have active contacts with others who specialize in making or handling bulk quantities of whatever is his stock in trade. The money market is made up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind. It exists for the purpose of improving the ability of the retailers of financial services—commercial banks, savings institutions, investment houses, lending agencies, and even governments—to do their job. It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them.
The elemental functions of a money market must be performed in any kind of modern economy, even one that is largely planned or socialist, but the arrangements in socialist countries do not ordinarily take the form of a market. Money markets exist in countries that use market processes rather than planned allocations to distribute most of their primary resources among alternative uses. The general distinguishing feature of a money market is that it relies upon open competition among those who are bulk suppliers of funds at any particular time and among those seeking bulk funds, to work out the best practicable distribution of the existing total volume of such funds.
In their market transactions, those with bulk supplies of funds or demands for them, rely on groups of intermediaries who act as brokers or dealers. The characteristics of these middlemen, the services they perform, and their relationship to other parts of the financial vary widely from country to country. In many countries there is no single meeting place where the middlemen get together, yet in most countries the contacts among all participants are sufficiently open and free to assure each supplier or user of funds that he will get or pay a price that fairly reflects all of the influences (including his own) that are currently affecting the whole supply and the whole demand. In nearly all cases, moreover, the unifying force of competition is reflected at any given moment in a common price (that is, rate of interest) for similar transactions. Continuous fluctuations in the money market rates of interest result from changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon the market and in the pull of current demands upon the market.
26. The first paragraph is mainly about .
A. the definition of money market
B. the constitution of a money market
C. the basic functions of a money market
D. the general feature of a money market
27. According to this passage, the money market .
A. provides convenient services to its customers
B. has close contact with the individuals or firms seeking funds
C. maintains accounts with various retailers of financial services
D. is made up of institutions who specialize in handling wholesale monetary transactions
28. Which of the following statements concerning money market is not true according to this passage?
A. Money market does not exist in planned economies.
B. Money market has been established in some socialist countries.
C. Money market encourages open competition among bulk suppliers of funds.
D. Money market relies upon market processes to distribute funds to final users.
29. The author uses the example of middleman to show .
A. market transactions are important in different countries
B. dealers are needed in doing business
C. middlemen can play great role in different transactions and different countries.
D. middlemen in different countries have different actions in business.
30. According to this passage, .
A. brokers usually perform the same kinds of services to their customers
B. brokers have little contact with each other
C. open competition tends to result in a common price for similar transactions at any given moment
D. changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds upon market tends to maintain a common price for similar transactions作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:06
Text 3
Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.
Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.
The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfare—the average multiplied by the number of people—is as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.
31. The first paragraph is mainly about .
［A］ the intrinsic value of human experiences
［B］ the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animals
［C］ the intrinsic value of ecological system as a whole
［D］ an ancient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value
32. , we owe nothing to the future generations.
［A］ In the author’s opinion
［B］ From a social contrast view of ethics
［C］ For a utilitarian
［D］ For most environmentalists
33. Population policy we take should be considered .
［A］ positive ［B］ negative ［C］ complex ［D］ reasonable
34. According to this passage, optimum population .
［A］ refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible
［B］ refers to the population size at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possible
［C］ is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the future
［D］ is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled in Reasons and Persons
35. The proper title for this passage should be .
［A］ A Mystery in Applied Ethics
［B］ Our Obligations to Future Generations
［C］ Environmental Ethics
［D］ Environmental issues作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:07
Text 4
Perhaps only a small boy training to be a wizard at the Hogwarts school of magic could cast a spell so powerful as to create the biggest book launch ever. Wherever in the world the clock strikes midnight on June 20th, his followers will flock to get their paws on one of more than 10m copies of “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. Bookshops will open in the middle of the night and delivery firms are drafting in extra staff and bigger trucks. Related toys, games, DVDs and other merchandise will be everywhere. There will be no escaping Pottermania.
Yet Mr Potter’s world is a curious one, in which things are often not what they appear. While an excitable media (hereby including The Economist, happy to support such a fine example of globalisation) is helping to hype the launch of J.K. Rowling’s fifth novel, about the most adventurous thing that the publishers (Scholastic in America and Britain’s Bloomsbury in English elsewhere) have organised is a reading by Ms Rowling in London’s Royal Albert Hall, to be broadcast as a live webcast. Hollywood, which owns everything else to do with Harry Potter, says it is doing even less. Incredible as it may seem, the guardians of the brand say that, to protect the Potter franchise, they are trying to maintain a low profile. Well, relatively low.
Ms Rowling signed a contract in 1998 with Warner Brothers, part of AOL Time Warner, giving the studio exclusive film, licensing and merchandising rights in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000. Warner licenses other firms to produce goods using Harry Potter characters or images, from which Ms Rowling gets a big enough cut that she is now wealthier than the queen—if you believe Britain’s Sunday Times rich list. The process is self?generating: each book sets the stage for a film, which boosts book sales, which lifts sales of Potter products.
Globally, the first four Harry Potter books have sold some 200m copies in 55 languages; the two movies have grossed over $1.8 billion at the box office. This is a stunning success by any measure, especially as Ms Rowling has long demanded that Harry Potter should not be over commercialised. In line with her wishes, Warner says it is being extraordinarily careful, at least by Hollywood standards, about what it licenses and to whom. It imposed tough conditions on Coca Cola, insisting that no Harry Potter images should appear on cans, and is now in the process of making its licensing programme even more restrictive. Coke may soon be considered too mass market to carry the brand at all.
The deal with Warner ties much of the merchandising to the films alone. There are no officially sanctioned products relating to “Order of the Phoenix”; nor yet for “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban”, the film of the third book, which is due out in June 2004. Warner agrees that Ms Rowling’s creation is a different sort of commercial property, one with long-term potential that could be damaged by a typical Hollywood marketing blitz, says Diane Nelson, the studio’s global brand manager for Harry Potter. It is vital, she adds, that with more to come, readers of the books are not alienated. “The evidence from our market research is that enthusiasm for the property by fans is not waning.”
36. When the author says “there will be no escaping Potter mania”, he implies that .
［A］ Harry Potter’s appeal for the readers is simply irresistible
［B］ it is somewhat irrational to be so crazy about the magic boy
［C］ craze about Harry Potter will not be over in the near future
［D］ Hogwarts school of magic will be the biggest attraction world over
37. Ms Rowling’s reading in London’s Royal Albert Hall is mentioned to show .
［A］ publishers are really adventurous in managing the Potter’s business
［B］ businesses are actually more credible than media in Potter’s world
［C］ the media are promoting Pottermania more actively than Hollywood
［Ｄ］ businesses involved with Potter are moving along in an unusual way
38. The author believes that .
［A］ Britain’s Sunday Times rich list is not very convincing as it sounds
［B］ Time Warner’s management of licenses is a bit over commercialised
［C］ other firms may produce goods using Harry Potter images at will
［D］ what Ms Rowling got in return for her offering to Warner is a real bargain
39. Paragraph 4 intends mainly to show Warner’s .
［A］ determination to promote Potter
［B］ consistence in conducting busines
［C］ high regard for Ms Rowling’s request
［D］ careful restrictions on licensing to Coco-Cola
40. It can be concluded from the last paragraph that .
［A］ products of Potter films have brought enormous profits to Warner
［B］ current Hollywood’s marketing of Potter may damage its potential
［C］ readers could get tired of Ms Rowling’s writings sooner or later
［D］ Warner will maintain the same strategy with Potter in future作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:07
Part B
Sample 1
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)．
Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. (41) Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ 60 percent of the workforce and expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2,000.(42)
Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. (43). Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may save the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also. at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too.(44) By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start?ups, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.
Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical.(45) you must tenderly monitor its pulse, in their zeal, to expand. Small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully four more and more into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices.
To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.
［A］Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.
［B］But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age .
［C］Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth.
［D］Some 1.2 million small forms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.
［E］According to small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now.
［F］But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and are factories.
［G］Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires
Sample 2
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragrphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
［A］Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous.
［B］He that has wife and children has given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges.
［C］Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses。
［D］But the most ordinary cause of a single life, is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters, to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives, are of that condition.
［E］Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. There are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges. There are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride, in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he has a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches.
［F］Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will. But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry, —A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen that bad husbands, have very good wives; whether it be, that it raiseth the price of their husband’s kindness, when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.
［G］A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground, where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant, five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks, maketh the vulgar soldier more base.
Order:
B→
41?→
42?→
43?→
44?→
45?→
F作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:07
Part B
Sample 1
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)．
Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. (41) Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ 60 percent of the workforce and expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2,000.(42)
Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. (43). Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may save the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also. at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too.(44) By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start?ups, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.
Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical.(45) you must tenderly monitor its pulse, in their zeal, to expand. Small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully four more and more into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices.
To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.
［A］Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.
［B］But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm’s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age .
［C］Frequent checks of your firm’s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth.
［D］Some 1.2 million small forms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.
［E］According to small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now.
［F］But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy’s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and are factories.
［G］Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires
Sample 2
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragrphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
［A］Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous.
［B］He that has wife and children has given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges.
［C］Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses。
［D］But the most ordinary cause of a single life, is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters, to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives, are of that condition.
［E］Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. There are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges. There are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride, in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he has a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches.
［F］Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will. But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry, —A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen that bad husbands, have very good wives; whether it be, that it raiseth the price of their husband’s kindness, when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.
［G］A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground, where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant, five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks, maketh the vulgar soldier more base.
Order:
B→
41?→
42?→
43?→
44?→
45?→
F作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:08
Sample 4
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Nowadays, as the developments of society progress forward, especially the achievement in the economy and technology, but more and more problems appear. Among these problems, what is the worst belongs to the area of environment.
［A］ It is futile to adjust to the chemicals.
［B］ The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings.
［C］ We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge.
［D］ During the past quarter century the power to influence the nature has not only become increasingly great but it has changed in character（性质）.
［E］ The rapidity of change follows the impetuous pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature.
［F］ It took hundreds of millions of years to produce the life that now inhabits the earth.
41?
The new products come from our laboratories in an endless stream; almost five hundred annually find their way into actual use in the United States alone. Among them are many that are used in man’s war against nature. Since the mid 1940’s over 200 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, and other organisms described as “pests.”
42?
Given time not in years but in millennia life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. But in the modern world there is no time.
43?
The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable. In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world the very nature of its life. Chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death.
44?
To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.
45?
Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man’s tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the synthetic5 creations of man’s inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHET 2.(10 points)
People born in the autumn live longer than those born in the spring and are less likely to fall chronically ill when they are older, according to an Austrian scientist.（46） Using census data for more than one million people in Austria, Denmark and Australia, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in the northern German town of Rostock found the month of birth was related to life expectancy over the age of 50. Seasonal differences in what mothers ate during pregnancy, and infections occurring at different times of the year could both have an impact on the health of a new?born baby and could influence its life expectancy in older age. （47）“A mother giving birth in spring spends the last phase of her pregnancy in winter, when she will eat less vitamins than in summer,” said Gabriele Doblhammer, one of a team of scientists who carried out the research. （48）“When she stops breast?feeding and starts giving her baby normal food, it’s in the hot weeks of summer when babies are prone to infections of the digestive system.” In Austria, adults born in autumn (October-December) lived about seven months longer than those born in spring (April-June), and in Denmark adults with birthdays in autumn outlived those born in spring by about four months. （49）In the southern hemisphere, the picture was similar. Adults born in the Australian autumn—the European spring—lived about four months longer than those born in the Australian spring. （50）The study focused on people born at the beginning of the 20th century, using death certificates and census data. Although nutrition at all times of the year has improved since then, the seasonal pattern persists, Doblhammer said.作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:08
Section Ⅲ Writing
51. Directions:
You have missed a date of your friend, now you have to write a letter for appologization in about 100 words. and do not need to write the address, you should use the name Li Ming.
52. Directions:
Now more people enjoy buying lottery tickets. Study the following picture carefully and write an article on the topic of Quality Control and Marketing. In your article, you should cover the following points:
（1）describe the phenomenon;
（2）analyze the phenomenon and give your comment on it.
You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:09
考前预测试卷参考答案及解析
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. B in return是固定短语，表示“作为回报”，文中的意思正是如果一个人有什么东西要卖，而有希望得到什么作为回报; by return of post 表示立刻回信, 没有on return 以及for return 的固定用法。
2. D 做买卖交易肯定是双方自愿的，所以应该选择willing，be willing to 表示“愿意”，capable 表示具有某种能力，be likely to 表示“可能”，此处不符合题意；be desirable of 表示“渴望得到”也不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。
3.C本题涉及到基本常识，在过去之所以产生商品买卖是因为个人手里有了多余的产品，所以此处应该选择C 项“多余的，剩余的”，surplus的用法经常表示产品或者资金的剩余；A表示“过度、无节制”；B项表示“另外的，不包括在内的”；D项表示“足够的”。
4.A此处是意思是表示变化巨大，形容这种状况的只有A项具有这种含义；B项“紧急的”；C项“虔诚的”；D项表示“恰巧的”。
5.A此处是表示时间的定语从句，应该选择A项，符合题意。
6.C该题所要表示的意思是二战中的情况致使货币失去本身的价值，所以此处的词不应该是褒义词，但是，A和D 项都由褒义的词性，B项表示“保持”不符合语境，因为前面没有提到过货币失去价值。
7.D此处的含义是被“加强，执行”；A项表示“鼓励”；B项表示“加大”；C项表示“忍受”，都不符合文章要求。
8.B resort to 表示“求助于”，二战中，货币已经不具有价值了，人们为了购买生活必须用品，就只好“求助于其他方法”，所以此处应该选择B；conform to 表示“一致”；commit to 表示“执行，做”；gear to 表示“使适合”。
9.B阅读文章，很容易理解前后两局之间的关系是转折关系，howevrer 的用法是前后都要使用逗号，所以只能选择B。
10.C 此处的含义应该是取消所有价格控制，C项具有“取消，消灭”的含义；A项表示“剥夺”；B项表示“刺激、促进”，对于价格控制不可能促进的；D项表示“限制”，限制也是不符合题意的，只有取消这种控制经济才可能发展，限制已经无法达到目的。
11.A前后是承接的关系，表示“所以”；B项的用法同however 一样，前后都需要使用逗号。所以正确答案为A。
12.D 根据上下文，货币经济应该代替物物交换经济，这是历史的必然，A项表示“交替，轮流”；B项表示“建立”，与前后关系不符；C项虽然也表示“代替，替换”，但是必须使用词组 substitute A for B。
13.D 本题涉及到经济学的某些常识，由于买和卖分离，在一定程度上促使了货币的产生，所以此处应该选择D 表示“分开，分离”，前三项都不符合题意要求。
14.B买和卖的分离就要求另一种物品来充当媒介，B项表示“需要，要求”，经常使用在这种语境中，例如，The emergency requires that it should be done?A项表示“承担”；C项表示“集中”；D项表示“执行”，
15.A参照14题可知，需要的是中间媒介，所以选择“A”，其他选项均不符合。
16.C在买和卖之间的这段之间，对于货币来说，人是暂时的拥有，所以选择C，其他三项与本题意无关。
17.Cinterim表示“中间的”，那么后面的介词必须是两者之间，所以选择between 。
18.D此处的含义是先卖，再买， 只有D项具有这种含义。
19.B表示只有先把自己的东西卖了，才能取得购买的能力，表示“取得”的含义也只有B项。A项表示“执行”；C项表示“超过”；D项表示“交换”。 都不符合题意。
20.Apay for 表示“付款”，为自己买的东西付款；B项pay off 表示“还清”；C项pay back 表示“还回”；D项表示“解款入”。
译文
货币最基本的功能就是将买卖两种行为分离开来，从而避免了所谓的物物交换行为。如一个人想卖掉一些东西同时又想得到其他东西，他无需找一个有能力并愿意同他交换物品的人。他可以先卖掉多余的物品以换取一般购买力——即“货币”——卖给任何想买这件物品的人，然后用所得收益从任何想卖他所需物品的人处来购买。
二战后发生在德国的事件戏剧性地证明了货币这一功能的重要性。那时，纸币几乎变的一文不值，因为尽管通货膨胀，美国、法国和英国的占领军却严格地控制着商品的价格。人们不得不求助于物物交换或者效率很低的货币替代品。其结果导致了经济总产值锐减了一半。1948年后德国的“经济奇迹”一部分显示了占领当局的货币改革，但一些经济学家却认为，这主要源于德国政府解除了所有的价格控制，从而允许货币经济取代物物交换经济。
要分离买卖两种行为，需要可以普遍接受的支付手段——也就是货币作为交换媒介的功能。但同时也需要购买力的临时保存处，以便卖主在下次购买之前存放先前卖得的收益，或便于买主从中取出一般购买力来支付买到的东西。这就是货币作为资产的能力。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.D本题的答案线索可以在第一段的最后一句话中找到。A项应该是sensuous attention. B项没有提到，C项正是黑格尔所反对的。
22.A根据第四段的内容，康德对开始两句话的否定，表明对两个前提中的一个予以否定是不可能的，这与A项的内容相符合。
23.B本项可以根据第二段中的内容得到答案，第二句话开始人们试图对艺术品找到一个实在东西表达其含义，但是失败了。所以B项的内容是错误的。
24.B因为二者对解决这个paradox没有作用，所以他们是可有可无的。
25.D通读全文即可知道，主要是黑格尔对艺术的内容和形式之间的关系进行的论述。所以很明显正确答案为D。
译文
两个相关的自相矛盾也产生于同一个基本概念——即美学经验。黑格尔对第一个矛盾做了详尽的论述，他大抵认为：我们的感觉注意及表现在艺术品方面的感觉注意是极其个性化的。因为艺术品将自己置入我们的感官鉴赏，所以它本质上是具体的，是被我们的感觉而不是游离的思想所理解。
同时，我们对艺术品的理解也需要部分智力，我们从中寻求概念化的内容，它以观念的形式呈现给我们。批判性解释的一个目的就是用游离的形式详细地解释这个观念——将艺术品的内容用非感觉的方式呈现出来。但是批评永远都不会成功，因为在将内容和某一形式分离的过程中已经破坏了其个性。此时呈现的内容已经不是那件艺术品的真实内容。丢失了个性，内容也就失去了其美学实体，从而它也就不会成为我们之所以注意那件作品和最初吸引我们批判注意的原因。也正是因为这样我们才会觉得与解释相比，原作带给我们的震撼力总是那么强大。
因为这种被游离思想批判过的内容充其量不过就是一个躯壳，一个逃避我们扑捉被抛弃了的意义。如果内容要成为美学欣赏的真正对象，它必须保持其个性：它不与自身分离就不会同其“感觉镜像”分离。因此内容不能脱离形式，形式也不能脱离内容。（形式只能依靠内容来体现。）
黑格尔的观点是很多观点的原形，所有观点都旨在说明将形式和内容分离的必要性和不可能性。抛弃他们各自的前提这一矛盾体也许可以解决，但正如康德的自相矛盾论，任何一个前提都是不可分割的。认为内容和形式不可分割，实际上就是认为这两个观念是虚幻的，因为没有两件艺术作品能够共享一个内容或形式——每一个作品个性的确定形式。
因此，任何人都不能通过参考艺术作品的意义来欣赏它。强烈的美学兴趣变成一种迷惑的，几乎无法说明的精神世界的特征。如果另一方面，我们坚持内容和形式是可分的，我们永远都不能通过研究内容来发现一件艺术作品吸引我们的真正原因。对每件艺术作品的解释得到的都只是它的替身。在美学经验和其本质之间就会出现不可逾越的鸿沟，而美学经验在本质上是有价值的论断也就值得怀疑。
Text 2
26.C第一段的描述很明显就是货币市场的基本功能。所以选择Ｃ项。
27.D关于“货币市场”的定义，可以通过第一段第二行的后半句话可知“ｍoney market is a set of institutions or arrangements…”该句的意思与D项符合。
28.B根据第二段第三行我们可以知道，货币市场不仅仅存在于社会主义国家，所以该项是错误的。
29.C三段中，对这些middleman 的作用进行了阐述，从中我们可以看到他们在不同的国家都起到了重要的作用。
30.C第二段的第五句话中，我们可以知道货币市场的一个分配特征就是依靠资金提供房和需求方各内部之间的竞争，所以可以得出C项的结论。A和B项不符合文中的题意。D项货币市场的浮动并不只是取决于资金提供方，还有市场的需要的因素。
译文
每一个拥有独立金融系统的国家都应该有这样的市场：在这里汇票、期票和其他形式的短期信贷可以进行买卖。“金融市场”就是一组用钱和短期信贷进行批发交易的公共机构或组织。在多样经济背景下在零售层面中将产品分配给最终的用户需要建立很多便利设施，同样在批发方面这样的设施的需求也在快速增长。如果零售商要为他的客户提供充足的服务，他必须主动同大量制造及买卖他所要存货物品的其他商人联系。金融市场就是由这种专门的设施组成。其设立的目的是为了帮助金融机构——金融银行、储蓄机构、投资公司、信贷中介、甚至政府——的零售商们做好他们的工作。它与那些与不同零售商有关系的或购买它们的有价证券或借贷的个人或公司几乎没有什么联系。
金融市场最基本的功能必须以现代经济形式来体现，甚至是高度计划或社会主义，但社会主义国家不一定都要采取市场形式。金融市场存在于那些利用市场而不是计划来分配资源的国家里。金融市场的基本特征是公平竞争，既存在于某一时间内资金的提供者之间，也存在于将这些资金合理分配的资金寻求者之间。
在市场交易中，提供资金和寻求资金者之间依靠经纪人或经销商这些中间人来进行交易。这些中间人的特点，他们提供的服务，他们同其他金融之间的关系每个国家都不同。在许多国家，没有这些中间人聚集的专门地点，但大多数国家中所有参与者之间的联系都是公开进行，保证资金提供者和使用者能正确了解目前影响供需的所有因素（包括他自身）的情况下买卖商品。因此几乎所有的情况中，竞争都显示在某一特定时间相同交易的一般价格上（即利率）。市场上资金供应压力和拉动市场需求的压力的变化经常导致金融市场的持续波动。
Text 3
31．DD 前三个选项在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要问题的所在，而第四个选项，在第二句话中就点了出来，前三个选项是第四个选项的展开说明。故D是正确答案。
32．B从文中第二段我们可以知道，C和D可以排除，因为功利主义者和环境学家反对这种毫不考虑将来的做法，文中没有表示作者的观点，而且文中也有“从社会契约的角度出发”的字样。
33．C文中有明确指出情况将会是“complex”。
34．C文中提出了两种情况，而且在结尾的最后一句话中也表明成为一个谜，所以C应该是正确答案，只能留到将来解决的哲学问题。
35．C本文主要讨论的并不是环境问题，而是由环境问题而引出的道德问题，对于应用道德中的谜是最后一段提到的，还有第二段提到的我们对下一代的责任，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想内容。
译文
环境问题引起很多其他严重的道德伦理问题，包括内在固有的价值本质之一。虽然很多过去的哲学家认为人类经验是具有内在固有的价值，而且功利论者至少认为非人类动物的快乐和痛苦具有某些内在价值，但是并不足以解释我们为什么认为渡渡鸟灭绝或者热带雨林被破坏是非常糟糕的。这些事物仅仅被视为对人类或其他具有感情物种的一种损失吗? 或者其他什么原因呢？一些哲学家开始准备为某些观点进行辩护，即树木、河流、物种和其他生态系统整体上具有一种独立于功能主义的价值，所谓的功能主义是对于人类或其他感情物种来说具有某种价值。
我们对环境的担心同时也引起了我们对下一代的责任问题。对于将来我们欠下了多少东西？从社会契约道德角度来说，或者道德自我注意的角度出发，答案似乎是什么也没有。因为我们可以从中受益，然而他们却不能互惠互利。其他很多的道德理论确实对下一代的利益予以重视。功利主义者并不会认为，就因为下一代还不存在就可以对他们利益的考虑要少于对我们本身的考虑，假如我们确定它们将会存在而且它们的利益将会受到我们现在的所作所为的影响，情况会是如何呢？例如，放射性废弃物的堆积，似乎非常清楚，我们确实会影响下一代人民的利益。
但是当我们考虑到，我们所采取的人口和家庭政策，将会影响下一代的人口数量时，问题就变得更加复杂了。大部分的环境学家认为世界拥挤程度已经非常危险了。这也许还不那么糟糕，但是这种人口过剩的观念隐蔽了一个哲学问题，这个哲学问题由Derek Parfit 在Reasons and Persons 这本书中提出的。什么是最佳人口数量？是平均福利水平最好时候的人口吗？还是总体福利水平最高的时候，即把平均水平按照人口数量翻番？两个答案都会导致违反直觉的结果，而且这个问题成为应用道德中最令人费解的一个谜。
Text 4
36. A这是一道句意题。第一段描述了波特迷们的世界性狂热，没有人能躲过哈利波特狂潮，暗示哈利波特的吸引力不可抵挡，所以A项为正确答案。
37. D这是一道例证题。文章说到Rowling应邀朗读一事是为了说明此次商家的行为比较低调，这种举措并不常见。故此答案为D。
38. D这是一道作者观点题。依据“in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000.”，作者称之为steal，可知答案为D。
39. C这是一道主旨题。段落的主要意思是华纳按Rowling的要求做了，严禁过分的商业化。故答案为C。
40. D这是一道推论题。A项可以从上面推测到，但并不是最后一段的引申，B项，本文对华纳采取的政策时予以肯定的，C项与本文内容相反，前文说华纳不想过分商业化Potter，最后一段重申这种做法的正确性，并说市场调研表明Potter迷们的激情未减，可以推论，公司在未来还将保持这一策略。故答案为D。
译文
也许只有在Hogwarts魔术学校受训并成为魔术师的小男孩才能产生如此大的魅力，造就有史以来最大的销书狂潮。6月20 日，无论在世界的什么地方，午夜的钟声一响，他的追随者就蜂拥而至，抢购1000万册《哈利波特和菲尼克斯命令》中属于自己的一本。书店半夜开门，送货公司招募更多的雇员、租用更多的卡车。相关的玩具、游戏、DVD及其他商品处处皆是。哈里波特热潮无所不在。
然而，波特的世界很奇怪，事情与往常不一样。尽管易于激动的媒体(包括《经济学家》杂志也乐于宣传这样一个全球化的经典之作)帮着鼓吹J.K. Rowling的第五部小说的发行，出版商所做的最大胆的宣传不过是请Rowling小姐到伦敦皇家阿尔伯特大厅朗读一段，并在网上实况转播。拥有除出版权之外与哈里波特有关的一切的好莱坞，动作也不多。真是不可思议，商标的拥有者说，为了保护与哈里波特相关的权利，他们正试图保持低姿态，真的够低。
Rowling小姐于1998年与华纳兄弟，美国在线时代华纳的一部分，签订了合约，赋予电影厂独有的许可及商品开发权，而她所得到的现在看起来十分廉价：约50万美元。华纳许可其他公司使用哈里波特的人物形象生产产品，Rowling小姐也从中分得一大块，使她比女王还富有——只要你相信英国Sunday Times所列的富人名单。这是一个增值的过程：书籍为电影搭建平台，电影促进书的销售，书的销售又带动哈里波特产品的销售。
从全球来看，哈里波特的前四册已被翻译成55 种语言的文字，并销售2亿册；两部电影的票房也达到18亿美元。怎么说，这也是令人震惊的成功，尤其是Rowling小姐还一直要求不要将哈里波特过于商业化。与她的要求一致，华纳说他们一直很小心，至少按好莱坞的习惯标准来说是这样，无论是发放哪类许可还是发放给谁都这样。华纳对Coca-Cola实施了严格的要求，坚持哈里波特的形象不能出现在易拉罐上，而目前正将许可的发放进一步严格化。Coca-Cola太大众市场化了，不能持用波特商标。
与华纳的交易使得商品的开发多系于电影本身。还没有官方认可的与《哈利波特和菲尼克斯命令》相关的产品出来，《哈利波特和阿兹卡班囚徒》也没有，后者是第三部书的电影版，电影将在2004 年6月发行。华纳也认为，Rowling小姐的创作是一种不同的商品，它具有长期的潜力，用好莱坞的闪电式营销方式会破坏它的前景，电影厂的哈里波特全球商标经理Diane Nelson就这么认为。她还说，由于更多的系列还未出版，不能将读者疏远很关键。“市场研究表明，波特迷们对波特的激情并没有消减”。
Part B
Sample 1
正确答案：FDGEB
41.F 在文章开始提出大跨国公司的起伏牵动着媒体，而在该空后面却对小企业进行了阐述，说明中间衔接的这句话应该与小企业有关，F中提到小企业在经济中的地位，表示转折的关系，所以最佳答案应该为F。
42. D项中的内容仍然是对中小企业的发展状况进行描述，所以应该放在该位置。对上句话进行承接和进一步说明。
43. 在本题后面的文字， 对企业家的失败原因和状况进行了描述，本题应该是一个具有概括含义的句子，G项认为很多企业家失败的原因是低估了成功的要素。正好符合该题的要求。
44. 根据本提前一句话，人们预测这100家企业在将来的结果。E项内容恰好是该句话中100家企业最终得到的真实结果的阐述，虽然结果与预测的相反。
45. 本段的第一句表明在策划成立企业阶段是非常重要，B项是对该句话的一个转折，而且根据下文企业可能出现问题的描述，可以肯定该内容应该放在此处。
译文
大跨国公司可能是那些经常成为头条的企业。但是超出美国人意料的是，经济的活力需要依靠那些小商店、饭馆、相关服务业以及工厂的命运。小企业，被定义为那些员工不超过100的企业，现在却雇用了市场劳动力的60%，并且从现在到2000年间其创造的就业机会有望占总量的一半。在过去的经济增长的6年中120万家这种企业相继开业，并且1989年将再增加20万家。
但是，很多企业会在准备之前就会失败。理想者们将会过高地估计他们产品的魅力或竞争中的失败因素。中等创业者，由于被收购或整顿放弃企业而另谋他路，他们可能会保留自己当老板的念头，但同时也可能会忘记企业家至少在一段时间内也是秘书和接待人员。根据小企业管理数据，在今天开业的100个企业中的24家很可能在两年内就会倒闭，而27家将在4年内倒闭。到1995年，其中60%的企业启动，而且77%的企业仍然存在。最成功者中80%都是做自己以前做过的。
在创业之前仔细考虑是非常关键的。但是很多企业家忘记了婴儿时期的健康对以后成长是多么的重要。所以你必须体贴地测试它的脉搏，在他们热情的时候进行扩张。小企业主经常忽视早期的市场停滞和收益萎缩的警告。他们情愿不去承认较少的收益意味着自己的商品失去了市场，他们必须削减薪水或者减少奢侈的办公室。只有当他们的运转资金干枯了，他们才能看到严重性，但是这个时候企业已经无力回天了。
经常检查企业的活力信号也能引导你对增长率进行判断。为了抓住机会，你必须确定信号是时候征服新的市场，增加产品或者把自己的好主意付诸实施
Sample 2
正确答案：EDGCA
41．第一段在最后一句话提到很多人愿意单身是怕家庭的缘故，E项的主要内容也是说的家庭，所以此处的最佳答案为E。
42．此处有一个关键连词就是“but”，而且说明单身最大的理由就是自由，也是对上段内容的否定，根据正常逻辑此项应该紧跟在上个段落。
43．G项叙述的内容是对其他种类的单身进一步说明，头三段的内容紧密相连，该段也是关于单身的，所以只能放在这个位置，此后的几项就转向了家庭的方面。
44．前三段对单身的原因及各方面进行了论述，此处进行了一个转折，表明家庭也有益处，可以锻炼一个人的意志。
45．由于最后一段的开头就说妻子的角色，可知，上一段的主要内容肯定是和妻子有关或者与女人有关的内容，所以此处选择A。
译文
成了家的人，可以说对命运之神付出了抵押品。因为家庭难免拖累事业，而无论这种事业的性质如何。所以是能为公众献身的人，应当是不被家室所累的人。因为只有这种人，才能够把他的全部爱情和财产，都奉献给唯一的情人——公众。而那种有家室的人，恐怕宁愿把最好的东西留给自己的后代。
有的人在结婚后仍然愿意过独身生活。因为他们不喜欢家庭，把妻子儿女看作经济上的累赘。还有一些富人甚至以无子嗣为自豪。也许他们是担心，一旦有了子女就瓜分现有的财产吧。
但是独身最好的理由是为了保持自由，以避免受约束于对家庭承担的义务和责任。但这种人，可能会认为腰带和鞋带，也难免是一种束缚呢！实际上，独身者也许可以成为最好的朋友，最好的主人，最好的仆人，但很难成为最好的公民。因为他们随时可以迁逃，所以差不多一切流窜犯都是无家者。
作为献身宗教的，是有理由保持独身的。否则他们的慈悲就先布施于家人而不是供奉于上帝了。作为法官与律师，是否独身关系并不大。因为只要他们身边有一个坏的幕僚，其进谗言的能力就足以抵上5个妻子。作为军人，有家室则是好事，这正可以在战场上激发他 们的责任感和勇气。这一点可以从土耳其的事例中得到反证——那里的风俗不重视婚姻和家庭，结果他们士兵的斗志很差。
对家庭的责任心不仅是人类的一种约束，也是一种训练。那种独身的人，虽然在用起来似乎很尽力，但实际上往往是心肠很硬的，因为他们不懂得对他人的爱。 一种好的风俗，能教化出情感坚贞的男子汉，例如像尤里西斯（Ulysses)那样，他曾抵制美丽女神的诱惑，而保持了对妻子的忠贞。
一个独身的女人常常是骄横的。因为她需要显示，她的贞节似乎是自愿保持的。如果一个女人为丈夫的聪明优秀而自豪，那么这就是使她忠贞不渝的最好保证。但如果一个女人发现她的丈夫是妒忌多疑的，那么她将绝不会认为他是聪明的。
在人生中，妻子是青年时代的情人，中年时代的伴侣，暮年时代的守护。所以在人的一生中，只要有合适的对象，任何时候 结婚都是有道理的。但也有一位古代哲人，对于人应当在何时结婚这个问题是这样说的：“年纪少时还不应当，年纪大时已不必要。”美满的婚姻是难得一遇的。常可见到许多不出色的丈夫却有一位美丽的妻子。这莫非是因为这种丈夫由于具有不多的优点而更值得被珍视吗？也许因为伴随这种丈夫，将可以考验一个妇人的忍耐精神吧？如果这种婚姻出自一个女人的自愿选择，甚至是不顾亲友的劝告而选择的，那么就让她自己去品尝这枚果实的滋味吧。
Sample 3
正确答案：FGEDA
41．本题说书是人类最好的朋友，而在F中解释到无论在什么时候书都会对你不离不弃，刚好符合本题的意义。
42．G中提到人们可能会仰慕同一个人而成为至交，同样也可以因为一本书而结交为好朋友，这与本题的意思相符。
43．书可以珍藏人的思想，成为思想的容器，可以作为题干的例子。
44．书可以使人的思想不朽，被人类一代代的流传下来，所以D项为正确答案。
45．A项提到我们可以接触伟人的生活，而题干说书籍可以让我接触到很多伟大的事务，所以A项正是该题的例子。
译文
看一个人读些什么书就可知道他的为人，就像看一个同什么人交往就可知道他的为人一样。因为世界上有人的伴侣，也有书的伴侣。无论是书友或朋友，我们都应该择其最佳者而从之。
一本好书就像是一个最好的朋友。它始终不渝，过去如此，现在仍然如此，将来也永远不变。它是最有耐心、最令人愉快的伴侣。在我们穷困潦倒、临危遭难的时候，它也不会抛弃我们，对我们总是一往情深。在我们年轻时，好书陶冶我们的性情，增长我们的知识；到我们年老时，它又给我们以安慰和勉励。
人们常常因为同爱一本书而结为知己。古谚说：“爱屋及乌”。但是，“爱我及书”这句话却有更深的哲理。书是更为坚实而高尚的情谊纽带。人们可以通过共同爱好的作家沟通思想感情，彼此息息相通。他们的思想共同在作者的著述里得到体现，而作者的思想反过来又化为他们的思想。
好书常如最精美的宝器，珍藏着人的一生思想的精华。人生的境界，主要就在于他思想的境界。所以，最好的书是金玉良言的宝库，若将其中的崇高思想铭记于心，就成为我们忠实的伴侣和永恒的慰籍。菲利普•悉尼爵士说得好：“有高尚思想作伴的人永不孤独。”
书籍具有不朽的本质，是人类勤奋努力的最为持久的产物。寺庙会倒坍，神像会朽烂，而书却经久长存。对于伟大的思想来说，时间是无关重要的。多少年代前初次闪现在作者脑海里的伟大思想今天依然清新如故。他们当时的言论和思想刊于书页，如今依然那么生动感人。时间唯一的作用是淘汰不好的作品，因为只有真正的佳作才能经世长存。
书籍引导我们与最优秀的人物为伍，使我们置身于历代伟人巨匠之间，如闻其声，如观其行，如见其人。同他们情感交融，悲喜与共。他们的感受成为我们自己的感受，我们觉得有点像是在作者所描绘的人生舞台上跟他们一起粉墨登场了。
即使在人世间，伟大杰出的人物，也是永生不灭的，他们的精神载入史册，传之四海。书是人们至今仍在聆听的智慧之声，永远充满着活力。所以，我们永远都是在受着历代伟人的影响。多少世纪以前的盖世英才，如今仍同当年一样，显示着强大的生命力。
Sample 4
正确答案：FDBEA作者: 郑大考研网 时间: 2007-12-24 12:09
考前预测试卷参考答案及解析
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. B in return是固定短语，表示“作为回报”，文中的意思正是如果一个人有什么东西要卖，而有希望得到什么作为回报; by return of post 表示立刻回信, 没有on return 以及for return 的固定用法。
2. D 做买卖交易肯定是双方自愿的，所以应该选择willing，be willing to 表示“愿意”，capable 表示具有某种能力，be likely to 表示“可能”，此处不符合题意；be desirable of 表示“渴望得到”也不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。
3.C本题涉及到基本常识，在过去之所以产生商品买卖是因为个人手里有了多余的产品，所以此处应该选择C 项“多余的，剩余的”，surplus的用法经常表示产品或者资金的剩余；A表示“过度、无节制”；B项表示“另外的，不包括在内的”；D项表示“足够的”。
4.A此处是意思是表示变化巨大，形容这种状况的只有A项具有这种含义；B项“紧急的”；C项“虔诚的”；D项表示“恰巧的”。
5.A此处是表示时间的定语从句，应该选择A项，符合题意。
6.C该题所要表示的意思是二战中的情况致使货币失去本身的价值，所以此处的词不应该是褒义词，但是，A和D 项都由褒义的词性，B项表示“保持”不符合语境，因为前面没有提到过货币失去价值。
7.D此处的含义是被“加强，执行”；A项表示“鼓励”；B项表示“加大”；C项表示“忍受”，都不符合文章要求。
8.B resort to 表示“求助于”，二战中，货币已经不具有价值了，人们为了购买生活必须用品，就只好“求助于其他方法”，所以此处应该选择B；conform to 表示“一致”；commit to 表示“执行，做”；gear to 表示“使适合”。
9.B阅读文章，很容易理解前后两局之间的关系是转折关系，howevrer 的用法是前后都要使用逗号，所以只能选择B。
10.C 此处的含义应该是取消所有价格控制，C项具有“取消，消灭”的含义；A项表示“剥夺”；B项表示“刺激、促进”，对于价格控制不可能促进的；D项表示“限制”，限制也是不符合题意的，只有取消这种控制经济才可能发展，限制已经无法达到目的。
11.A前后是承接的关系，表示“所以”；B项的用法同however 一样，前后都需要使用逗号。所以正确答案为A。
12.D 根据上下文，货币经济应该代替物物交换经济，这是历史的必然，A项表示“交替，轮流”；B项表示“建立”，与前后关系不符；C项虽然也表示“代替，替换”，但是必须使用词组 substitute A for B。
13.D 本题涉及到经济学的某些常识，由于买和卖分离，在一定程度上促使了货币的产生，所以此处应该选择D 表示“分开，分离”，前三项都不符合题意要求。
14.B买和卖的分离就要求另一种物品来充当媒介，B项表示“需要，要求”，经常使用在这种语境中，例如，The emergency requires that it should be done?A项表示“承担”；C项表示“集中”；D项表示“执行”，
15.A参照14题可知，需要的是中间媒介，所以选择“A”，其他选项均不符合。
16.C在买和卖之间的这段之间，对于货币来说，人是暂时的拥有，所以选择C，其他三项与本题意无关。
17.Cinterim表示“中间的”，那么后面的介词必须是两者之间，所以选择between 。
18.D此处的含义是先卖，再买， 只有D项具有这种含义。
19.B表示只有先把自己的东西卖了，才能取得购买的能力，表示“取得”的含义也只有B项。A项表示“执行”；C项表示“超过”；D项表示“交换”。 都不符合题意。
20.Apay for 表示“付款”，为自己买的东西付款；B项pay off 表示“还清”；C项pay back 表示“还回”；D项表示“解款入”。
译文
货币最基本的功能就是将买卖两种行为分离开来，从而避免了所谓的物物交换行为。如一个人想卖掉一些东西同时又想得到其他东西，他无需找一个有能力并愿意同他交换物品的人。他可以先卖掉多余的物品以换取一般购买力——即“货币”——卖给任何想买这件物品的人，然后用所得收益从任何想卖他所需物品的人处来购买。
二战后发生在德国的事件戏剧性地证明了货币这一功能的重要性。那时，纸币几乎变的一文不值，因为尽管通货膨胀，美国、法国和英国的占领军却严格地控制着商品的价格。人们不得不求助于物物交换或者效率很低的货币替代品。其结果导致了经济总产值锐减了一半。1948年后德国的“经济奇迹”一部分显示了占领当局的货币改革，但一些经济学家却认为，这主要源于德国政府解除了所有的价格控制，从而允许货币经济取代物物交换经济。
要分离买卖两种行为，需要可以普遍接受的支付手段——也就是货币作为交换媒介的功能。但同时也需要购买力的临时保存处，以便卖主在下次购买之前存放先前卖得的收益，或便于买主从中取出一般购买力来支付买到的东西。这就是货币作为资产的能力。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.D本题的答案线索可以在第一段的最后一句话中找到。A项应该是sensuous attention. B项没有提到，C项正是黑格尔所反对的。
22.A根据第四段的内容，康德对开始两句话的否定，表明对两个前提中的一个予以否定是不可能的，这与A项的内容相符合。
23.B本项可以根据第二段中的内容得到答案，第二句话开始人们试图对艺术品找到一个实在东西表达其含义，但是失败了。所以B项的内容是错误的。
24.B因为二者对解决这个paradox没有作用，所以他们是可有可无的。
25.D通读全文即可知道，主要是黑格尔对艺术的内容和形式之间的关系进行的论述。所以很明显正确答案为D。
译文
两个相关的自相矛盾也产生于同一个基本概念——即美学经验。黑格尔对第一个矛盾做了详尽的论述，他大抵认为：我们的感觉注意及表现在艺术品方面的感觉注意是极其个性化的。因为艺术品将自己置入我们的感官鉴赏，所以它本质上是具体的，是被我们的感觉而不是游离的思想所理解。
同时，我们对艺术品的理解也需要部分智力，我们从中寻求概念化的内容，它以观念的形式呈现给我们。批判性解释的一个目的就是用游离的形式详细地解释这个观念——将艺术品的内容用非感觉的方式呈现出来。但是批评永远都不会成功，因为在将内容和某一形式分离的过程中已经破坏了其个性。此时呈现的内容已经不是那件艺术品的真实内容。丢失了个性，内容也就失去了其美学实体，从而它也就不会成为我们之所以注意那件作品和最初吸引我们批判注意的原因。也正是因为这样我们才会觉得与解释相比，原作带给我们的震撼力总是那么强大。
因为这种被游离思想批判过的内容充其量不过就是一个躯壳，一个逃避我们扑捉被抛弃了的意义。如果内容要成为美学欣赏的真正对象，它必须保持其个性：它不与自身分离就不会同其“感觉镜像”分离。因此内容不能脱离形式，形式也不能脱离内容。（形式只能依靠内容来体现。）
黑格尔的观点是很多观点的原形，所有观点都旨在说明将形式和内容分离的必要性和不可能性。抛弃他们各自的前提这一矛盾体也许可以解决，但正如康德的自相矛盾论，任何一个前提都是不可分割的。认为内容和形式不可分割，实际上就是认为这两个观念是虚幻的，因为没有两件艺术作品能够共享一个内容或形式——每一个作品个性的确定形式。
因此，任何人都不能通过参考艺术作品的意义来欣赏它。强烈的美学兴趣变成一种迷惑的，几乎无法说明的精神世界的特征。如果另一方面，我们坚持内容和形式是可分的，我们永远都不能通过研究内容来发现一件艺术作品吸引我们的真正原因。对每件艺术作品的解释得到的都只是它的替身。在美学经验和其本质之间就会出现不可逾越的鸿沟，而美学经验在本质上是有价值的论断也就值得怀疑。
Text 2
26.C第一段的描述很明显就是货币市场的基本功能。所以选择Ｃ项。
27.D关于“货币市场”的定义，可以通过第一段第二行的后半句话可知“ｍoney market is a set of institutions or arrangements…”该句的意思与D项符合。
28.B根据第二段第三行我们可以知道，货币市场不仅仅存在于社会主义国家，所以该项是错误的。
29.C三段中，对这些middleman 的作用进行了阐述，从中我们可以看到他们在不同的国家都起到了重要的作用。
30.C第二段的第五句话中，我们可以知道货币市场的一个分配特征就是依靠资金提供房和需求方各内部之间的竞争，所以可以得出C项的结论。A和B项不符合文中的题意。D项货币市场的浮动并不只是取决于资金提供方，还有市场的需要的因素。
译文
每一个拥有独立金融系统的国家都应该有这样的市场：在这里汇票、期票和其他形式的短期信贷可以进行买卖。“金融市场”就是一组用钱和短期信贷进行批发交易的公共机构或组织。在多样经济背景下在零售层面中将产品分配给最终的用户需要建立很多便利设施，同样在批发方面这样的设施的需求也在快速增长。如果零售商要为他的客户提供充足的服务，他必须主动同大量制造及买卖他所要存货物品的其他商人联系。金融市场就是由这种专门的设施组成。其设立的目的是为了帮助金融机构——金融银行、储蓄机构、投资公司、信贷中介、甚至政府——的零售商们做好他们的工作。它与那些与不同零售商有关系的或购买它们的有价证券或借贷的个人或公司几乎没有什么联系。
金融市场最基本的功能必须以现代经济形式来体现，甚至是高度计划或社会主义，但社会主义国家不一定都要采取市场形式。金融市场存在于那些利用市场而不是计划来分配资源的国家里。金融市场的基本特征是公平竞争，既存在于某一时间内资金的提供者之间，也存在于将这些资金合理分配的资金寻求者之间。
在市场交易中，提供资金和寻求资金者之间依靠经纪人或经销商这些中间人来进行交易。这些中间人的特点，他们提供的服务，他们同其他金融之间的关系每个国家都不同。在许多国家，没有这些中间人聚集的专门地点，但大多数国家中所有参与者之间的联系都是公开进行，保证资金提供者和使用者能正确了解目前影响供需的所有因素（包括他自身）的情况下买卖商品。因此几乎所有的情况中，竞争都显示在某一特定时间相同交易的一般价格上（即利率）。市场上资金供应压力和拉动市场需求的压力的变化经常导致金融市场的持续波动。
Text 3
31．DD 前三个选项在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要问题的所在，而第四个选项，在第二句话中就点了出来，前三个选项是第四个选项的展开说明。故D是正确答案。
32．B从文中第二段我们可以知道，C和D可以排除，因为功利主义者和环境学家反对这种毫不考虑将来的做法，文中没有表示作者的观点，而且文中也有“从社会契约的角度出发”的字样。
33．C文中有明确指出情况将会是“complex”。
34．C文中提出了两种情况，而且在结尾的最后一句话中也表明成为一个谜，所以C应该是正确答案，只能留到将来解决的哲学问题。
35．C本文主要讨论的并不是环境问题，而是由环境问题而引出的道德问题，对于应用道德中的谜是最后一段提到的，还有第二段提到的我们对下一代的责任，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想内容。
译文
环境问题引起很多其他严重的道德伦理问题，包括内在固有的价值本质之一。虽然很多过去的哲学家认为人类经验是具有内在固有的价值，而且功利论者至少认为非人类动物的快乐和痛苦具有某些内在价值，但是并不足以解释我们为什么认为渡渡鸟灭绝或者热带雨林被破坏是非常糟糕的。这些事物仅仅被视为对人类或其他具有感情物种的一种损失吗? 或者其他什么原因呢？一些哲学家开始准备为某些观点进行辩护，即树木、河流、物种和其他生态系统整体上具有一种独立于功能主义的价值，所谓的功能主义是对于人类或其他感情物种来说具有某种价值。
我们对环境的担心同时也引起了我们对下一代的责任问题。对于将来我们欠下了多少东西？从社会契约道德角度来说，或者道德自我注意的角度出发，答案似乎是什么也没有。因为我们可以从中受益，然而他们却不能互惠互利。其他很多的道德理论确实对下一代的利益予以重视。功利主义者并不会认为，就因为下一代还不存在就可以对他们利益的考虑要少于对我们本身的考虑，假如我们确定它们将会存在而且它们的利益将会受到我们现在的所作所为的影响，情况会是如何呢？例如，放射性废弃物的堆积，似乎非常清楚，我们确实会影响下一代人民的利益。
但是当我们考虑到，我们所采取的人口和家庭政策，将会影响下一代的人口数量时，问题就变得更加复杂了。大部分的环境学家认为世界拥挤程度已经非常危险了。这也许还不那么糟糕，但是这种人口过剩的观念隐蔽了一个哲学问题，这个哲学问题由Derek Parfit 在Reasons and Persons 这本书中提出的。什么是最佳人口数量？是平均福利水平最好时候的人口吗？还是总体福利水平最高的时候，即把平均水平按照人口数量翻番？两个答案都会导致违反直觉的结果，而且这个问题成为应用道德中最令人费解的一个谜。
Text 4
36. A这是一道句意题。第一段描述了波特迷们的世界性狂热，没有人能躲过哈利波特狂潮，暗示哈利波特的吸引力不可抵挡，所以A项为正确答案。
37. D这是一道例证题。文章说到Rowling应邀朗读一事是为了说明此次商家的行为比较低调，这种举措并不常见。故此答案为D。
38. D这是一道作者观点题。依据“in return for what now appears to have been a steal: some $500,000.”，作者称之为steal，可知答案为D。
39. C这是一道主旨题。段落的主要意思是华纳按Rowling的要求做了，严禁过分的商业化。故答案为C。
40. D这是一道推论题。A项可以从上面推测到，但并不是最后一段的引申，B项，本文对华纳采取的政策时予以肯定的，C项与本文内容相反，前文说华纳不想过分商业化Potter，最后一段重申这种做法的正确性，并说市场调研表明Potter迷们的激情未减，可以推论，公司在未来还将保持这一策略。故答案为D。
译文
也许只有在Hogwarts魔术学校受训并成为魔术师的小男孩才能产生如此大的魅力，造就有史以来最大的销书狂潮。6月20 日，无论在世界的什么地方，午夜的钟声一响，他的追随者就蜂拥而至，抢购1000万册《哈利波特和菲尼克斯命令》中属于自己的一本。书店半夜开门，送货公司招募更多的雇员、租用更多的卡车。相关的玩具、游戏、DVD及其他商品处处皆是。哈里波特热潮无所不在。
然而，波特的世界很奇怪，事情与往常不一样。尽管易于激动的媒体(包括《经济学家》杂志也乐于宣传这样一个全球化的经典之作)帮着鼓吹J.K. Rowling的第五部小说的发行，出版商所做的最大胆的宣传不过是请Rowling小姐到伦敦皇家阿尔伯特大厅朗读一段，并在网上实况转播。拥有除出版权之外与哈里波特有关的一切的好莱坞，动作也不多。真是不可思议，商标的拥有者说，为了保护与哈里波特相关的权利，他们正试图保持低姿态，真的够低。
Rowling小姐于1998年与华纳兄弟，美国在线时代华纳的一部分，签订了合约，赋予电影厂独有的许可及商品开发权，而她所得到的现在看起来十分廉价：约50万美元。华纳许可其他公司使用哈里波特的人物形象生产产品，Rowling小姐也从中分得一大块，使她比女王还富有——只要你相信英国Sunday Times所列的富人名单。这是一个增值的过程：书籍为电影搭建平台，电影促进书的销售，书的销售又带动哈里波特产品的销售。
从全球来看，哈里波特的前四册已被翻译成55 种语言的文字，并销售2亿册；两部电影的票房也达到18亿美元。怎么说，这也是令人震惊的成功，尤其是Rowling小姐还一直要求不要将哈里波特过于商业化。与她的要求一致，华纳说他们一直很小心，至少按好莱坞的习惯标准来说是这样，无论是发放哪类许可还是发放给谁都这样。华纳对Coca-Cola实施了严格的要求，坚持哈里波特的形象不能出现在易拉罐上，而目前正将许可的发放进一步严格化。Coca-Cola太大众市场化了，不能持用波特商标。
与华纳的交易使得商品的开发多系于电影本身。还没有官方认可的与《哈利波特和菲尼克斯命令》相关的产品出来，《哈利波特和阿兹卡班囚徒》也没有，后者是第三部书的电影版，电影将在2004 年6月发行。华纳也认为，Rowling小姐的创作是一种不同的商品，它具有长期的潜力，用好莱坞的闪电式营销方式会破坏它的前景，电影厂的哈里波特全球商标经理Diane Nelson就这么认为。她还说，由于更多的系列还未出版，不能将读者疏远很关键。“市场研究表明，波特迷们对波特的激情并没有消减”。
Part B
Sample 1
正确答案：FDGEB
41.F 在文章开始提出大跨国公司的起伏牵动着媒体，而在该空后面却对小企业进行了阐述，说明中间衔接的这句话应该与小企业有关，F中提到小企业在经济中的地位，表示转折的关系，所以最佳答案应该为F。
42. D项中的内容仍然是对中小企业的发展状况进行描述，所以应该放在该位置。对上句话进行承接和进一步说明。
43. 在本题后面的文字， 对企业家的失败原因和状况进行了描述，本题应该是一个具有概括含义的句子，G项认为很多企业家失败的原因是低估了成功的要素。正好符合该题的要求。
44. 根据本提前一句话，人们预测这100家企业在将来的结果。E项内容恰好是该句话中100家企业最终得到的真实结果的阐述，虽然结果与预测的相反。
45. 本段的第一句表明在策划成立企业阶段是非常重要，B项是对该句话的一个转折，而且根据下文企业可能出现问题的描述，可以肯定该内容应该放在此处。
译文
大跨国公司可能是那些经常成为头条的企业。但是超出美国人意料的是，经济的活力需要依靠那些小商店、饭馆、相关服务业以及工厂的命运。小企业，被定义为那些员工不超过100的企业，现在却雇用了市场劳动力的60%，并且从现在到2000年间其创造的就业机会有望占总量的一半。在过去的经济增长的6年中120万家这种企业相继开业，并且1989年将再增加20万家。
但是，很多企业会在准备之前就会失败。理想者们将会过高地估计他们产品的魅力或竞争中的失败因素。中等创业者，由于被收购或整顿放弃企业而另谋他路，他们可能会保留自己当老板的念头，但同时也可能会忘记企业家至少在一段时间内也是秘书和接待人员。根据小企业管理数据，在今天开业的100个企业中的24家很可能在两年内就会倒闭，而27家将在4年内倒闭。到1995年，其中60%的企业启动，而且77%的企业仍然存在。最成功者中80%都是做自己以前做过的。
在创业之前仔细考虑是非常关键的。但是很多企业家忘记了婴儿时期的健康对以后成长是多么的重要。所以你必须体贴地测试它的脉搏，在他们热情的时候进行扩张。小企业主经常忽视早期的市场停滞和收益萎缩的警告。他们情愿不去承认较少的收益意味着自己的商品失去了市场，他们必须削减薪水或者减少奢侈的办公室。只有当他们的运转资金干枯了，他们才能看到严重性，但是这个时候企业已经无力回天了。
经常检查企业的活力信号也能引导你对增长率进行判断。为了抓住机会，你必须确定信号是时候征服新的市场，增加产品或者把自己的好主意付诸实施
Sample 2
正确答案：EDGCA
41．第一段在最后一句话提到很多人愿意单身是怕家庭的缘故，E项的主要内容也是说的家庭，所以此处的最佳答案为E。
42．此处有一个关键连词就是“but”，而且说明单身最大的理由就是自由，也是对上段内容的否定，根据正常逻辑此项应该紧跟在上个段落。
43．G项叙述的内容是对其他种类的单身进一步说明，头三段的内容紧密相连，该段也是关于单身的，所以只能放在这个位置，此后的几项就转向了家庭的方面。
44．前三段对单身的原因及各方面进行了论述，此处进行了一个转折，表明家庭也有益处，可以锻炼一个人的意志。
45．由于最后一段的开头就说妻子的角色，可知，上一段的主要内容肯定是和妻子有关或者与女人有关的内容，所以此处选择A。
译文
成了家的人，可以说对命运之神付出了抵押品。因为家庭难免拖累事业，而无论这种事业的性质如何。所以是能为公众献身的人，应当是不被家室所累的人。因为只有这种人，才能够把他的全部爱情和财产，都奉献给唯一的情人——公众。而那种有家室的人，恐怕宁愿把最好的东西留给自己的后代。
有的人在结婚后仍然愿意过独身生活。因为他们不喜欢家庭，把妻子儿女看作经济上的累赘。还有一些富人甚至以无子嗣为自豪。也许他们是担心，一旦有了子女就瓜分现有的财产吧。
但是独身最好的理由是为了保持自由，以避免受约束于对家庭承担的义务和责任。但这种人，可能会认为腰带和鞋带，也难免是一种束缚呢！实际上，独身者也许可以成为最好的朋友，最好的主人，最好的仆人，但很难成为最好的公民。因为他们随时可以迁逃，所以差不多一切流窜犯都是无家者。
作为献身宗教的，是有理由保持独身的。否则他们的慈悲就先布施于家人而不是供奉于上帝了。作为法官与律师，是否独身关系并不大。因为只要他们身边有一个坏的幕僚，其进谗言的能力就足以抵上5个妻子。作为军人，有家室则是好事，这正可以在战场上激发他 们的责任感和勇气。这一点可以从土耳其的事例中得到反证——那里的风俗不重视婚姻和家庭，结果他们士兵的斗志很差。
对家庭的责任心不仅是人类的一种约束，也是一种训练。那种独身的人，虽然在用起来似乎很尽力，但实际上往往是心肠很硬的，因为他们不懂得对他人的爱。 一种好的风俗，能教化出情感坚贞的男子汉，例如像尤里西斯（Ulysses)那样，他曾抵制美丽女神的诱惑，而保持了对妻子的忠贞。
一个独身的女人常常是骄横的。因为她需要显示，她的贞节似乎是自愿保持的。如果一个女人为丈夫的聪明优秀而自豪，那么这就是使她忠贞不渝的最好保证。但如果一个女人发现她的丈夫是妒忌多疑的，那么她将绝不会认为他是聪明的。
在人生中，妻子是青年时代的情人，中年时代的伴侣，暮年时代的守护。所以在人的一生中，只要有合适的对象，任何时候 结婚都是有道理的。但也有一位古代哲人，对于人应当在何时结婚这个问题是这样说的：“年纪少时还不应当，年纪大时已不必要。”美满的婚姻是难得一遇的。常可见到许多不出色的丈夫却有一位美丽的妻子。这莫非是因为这种丈夫由于具有不多的优点而更值得被珍视吗？也许因为伴随这种丈夫，将可以考验一个妇人的忍耐精神吧？如果这种婚姻出自一个女人的自愿选择，甚至是不顾亲友的劝告而选择的，那么就让她自己去品尝这枚果实的滋味吧。
Sample 3
正确答案：FGEDA
41．本题说书是人类最好的朋友，而在F中解释到无论在什么时候书都会对你不离不弃，刚好符合本题的意义。
42．G中提到人们可能会仰慕同一个人而成为至交，同样也可以因为一本书而结交为好朋友，这与本题的意思相符。
43．书可以珍藏人的思想，成为思想的容器，可以作为题干的例子。
44．书可以使人的思想不朽，被人类一代代的流传下来，所以D项为正确答案。
45．A项提到我们可以接触伟人的生活，而题干说书籍可以让我接触到很多伟大的事务，所以A项正是该题的例子。
译文
看一个人读些什么书就可知道他的为人，就像看一个同什么人交往就可知道他的为人一样。因为世界上有人的伴侣，也有书的伴侣。无论是书友或朋友，我们都应该择其最佳者而从之。
一本好书就像是一个最好的朋友。它始终不渝，过去如此，现在仍然如此，将来也永远不变。它是最有耐心、最令人愉快的伴侣。在我们穷困潦倒、临危遭难的时候，它也不会抛弃我们，对我们总是一往情深。在我们年轻时，好书陶冶我们的性情，增长我们的知识；到我们年老时，它又给我们以安慰和勉励。
人们常常因为同爱一本书而结为知己。古谚说：“爱屋及乌”。但是，“爱我及书”这句话却有更深的哲理。书是更为坚实而高尚的情谊纽带。人们可以通过共同爱好的作家沟通思想感情，彼此息息相通。他们的思想共同在作者的著述里得到体现，而作者的思想反过来又化为他们的思想。
好书常如最精美的宝器，珍藏着人的一生思想的精华。人生的境界，主要就在于他思想的境界。所以，最好的书是金玉良言的宝库，若将其中的崇高思想铭记于心，就成为我们忠实的伴侣和永恒的慰籍。菲利普•悉尼爵士说得好：“有高尚思想作伴的人永不孤独。”
书籍具有不朽的本质，是人类勤奋努力的最为持久的产物。寺庙会倒坍，神像会朽烂，而书却经久长存。对于伟大的思想来说，时间是无关重要的。多少年代前初次闪现在作者脑海里的伟大思想今天依然清新如故。他们当时的言论和思想刊于书页，如今依然那么生动感人。时间唯一的作用是淘汰不好的作品，因为只有真正的佳作才能经世长存。
书籍引导我们与最优秀的人物为伍，使我们置身于历代伟人巨匠之间，如闻其声，如观其行，如见其人。同他们情感交融，悲喜与共。他们的感受成为我们自己的感受，我们觉得有点像是在作者所描绘的人生舞台上跟他们一起粉墨登场了。
即使在人世间，伟大杰出的人物，也是永生不灭的，他们的精神载入史册，传之四海。书是人们至今仍在聆听的智慧之声，永远充满着活力。所以，我们永远都是在受着历代伟人的影响。多少世纪以前的盖世英才，如今仍同当年一样，显示着强大的生命力。
Sample 4
正确答案：FDBEA